Color Blindness

What is color blindness?

Color blindness is a vision problem that makes it hard to tell the difference between certain colors. It does not mean that you cannot see any colors. That is very rare. Most color-blind people have trouble with just 1 or 2 colors, most commonly red and green. Shades of red and green might look brownish to a color-blind person.

What is the cause?

You see in color because the retina at the back of the eye has special cells called cones. There are 3 types of cones: cones for red light, cones for green light, and cones for blue light. These 3 types of cones mix the colors together to create all of the colors people see. In a color-blind person, the red and green cones are very similar. This causes an abnormal mix of color and color confusion.

Color blindness is usually inherited. A woman can be a "carrier" of the gene but will usually not be color blind herself. Men cannot be just carriers of the gene. If a man has the color blindness gene then he is color blind. Men are more commonly color blind than women.

The drug hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) can cause color blindness. It is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may cause problems with color vision. AMD is a disease that damages the macula in the eye. The macula is in the center of the retina. The retina is the lining at the back of the eye that senses light coming into the eye. Rarely an eye disease can cause you to become color blind later in life.

Color blindness can be caused by problems that affect the nerve that connects the eye to the brain. If you develop color blindness, and have not had it before, contact an eye care provider promptly.

How is it diagnosed?

Your eye care provider can do a very simple test for color blindness. You look at a special screening test book that has a pattern of small colored circles. Some of the circles on the page are a different color and form a number. A color blind person will not be able to see the number because it looks the same color as the other circles on the page. The test book has about a dozen of these patterns in it to make sure of the diagnosis and to judge how severe the color blindness is. This screening test is easy and it is possible to test even very young children.

In some cases your eye care provider may refer you to another specialist to do more detailed testing to figure out exactly what type of color blindness you have.

How is it treated?

Color blindness is a lifelong condition. Usually there is no need to treat it. People with color blindness learn to tell the differences between colors. For example, green might look brighter than red. If a person is severely color blind, occasionally a red tinted contact lens is prescribed for just one eye. This may help the person see colors a little better.

How can I take care of myself?

Usually nothing needs to be done. You may find that some tasks are frustrating such as:

• judging traffic lights
• coloring with markers or crayons
• matching clothes
• reading color-coded maps or weather charts
• knowing if fruits are ripe or if meat is rare or well-done

In some cases, a color blind person may need to avoid careers that require excellent color vision. However, there are many color blind electricians who can easily work with multi-colored wires. Most of the time you can learn to adjust by using other cues such as looking for the position of the light on a traffic signal rather than the color or looking for subtle color differences (red may appear darker than green). Parents may need to give a color blind child more help picking out clothes until the child can learn how to match colors.

What can be done to help prevent color blindness?

Color blindness cannot be prevented.